Volverse árbol, reconstruir la memoria: redes bioculturales en los bosques de pewen (Araucaria araucana) del sur de los Andes
Palabras clave:
enfoque relacional, simpoiesis, humanos-árboles, entidades biológicas, tejidos sociales, montañaResumen
Las relaciones entre la gente y los árboles se construyen y reconstruyen continuamente en sistemas socioecológicos situados. En los estudios sobre sistemas socioecológicos vinculados con árboles, comúnmente encontramos dos enfoques: el primero se centra en ‘entidades biológicas’, examinando la dinámica ecológica de las especies de árboles y la biodiversidad asociada. El segundo enfoque se centra en las personas, analizando la ‘agencia humana’ junto con las fuerzas políticas, históricas y contemporáneas que dan forma, estimulan o dañan a las relaciones humano-árbol. En este trabajo, exploramos críticamente los sistemas socioecológicos asociados al pewen (Araucaria araucana), uno de los árboles más icónicos y sagrados del sur de los Andes. Primero describimos algunos de nuestros hallazgos de investigación sobre el pewen para los dos enfoques descritos anteriormente. Luego, desarrollamos una tercera perspectiva, que llamamos ‘relacional’, la cual destaca las relaciones bioculturales, superando las dicotomías ‘ecológica/sociocultural’ e ‘entidad biológica/agencia humana’. Nuestro enfoque relacional permite indagar en cómo los actores (árboles y semillas, fauna silvestre y gente) interactúan en redes bioculturales complejas y simpoiéticas, identificando a la memoria biocultural del sistema como un conjunto de relaciones dinámicas y cotidianas, que se construyen y reconstruyen continuamente en sistemas abiertos y sujetos a impulsores de cambio históricos y contemporáneos.
Descargas
Citas
AEDO, M. P.; PEREDO, S. & SCHAEFFER, C. From an Essential Being to an Actor’s Becoming: Political Ecology Transformational Learning Experiences in Adult Education. Environmental Education Research. 2017:1–13. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2017.1408057.
AGUILERA-BETTI, I.; MUÑOZ, A.A.; STAHLE, D.; FIGUEROA, G.; DUARTE, F.; GONZÁLEZ-REYES, Á.; CHRISTIE, D., LARA, A.; GONZÁLEZ, M.E.; SHEPPARD, P.R.; SAUCHYN, D.; MOREIRA-MUÑOZ, A.; TOLEDO- GUERRERO, I.; OLEA, M.; APAZ, P. & FERNÁNDEZ, P. The First Millennium-Age Araucaria Araucana in Patagonia. Tree-Ring Research, 2017;73(1): 53–56. https://doi.org/10.3959/1536-1098-73.1.53
ALTAMIRANO, T. A.; IBARRA, J. T.; MARTIN, K. & BONACIC, C. The Conservation Value of Tree Decay Processes as a Key Driver Structuring Tree Cavity Nest Webs in South American Temperate Rainforests. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2017;26:2453–2472. doi: 10.1007/s10531-017-1369-x.
ARMESTO, J. J.; MANUSCHEVICH, D.; MORA, A.; SMITH-RAMIREZ, C.; ROZZI, R.; ABARZÚA, A. M. & MARQUET, P. A. From the Holocene to the Anthropocene: A Historical Framework for Land Cover Change in Southwestern South America in the Past 15,000 Years. Land Use Policy. 2010;27:148–160. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.006.
BARREAU, A.; IBARRA, J. T.; WYNDHAM F. S. & KOZAK, R. A. Shifts in Mapuche Food Systems in Southern Andean Forest Landscapes: Historical Processes and Current Trends of Biocultural Homogenization. Mountain Research and Development. 2019;39:12–23. doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-18-00015.1.
BARREAU, A.; IBARRA, J. T.; WYNDHAM F. S.; ROJAS, A. & KOZAK, R. A. How Can We Teach Our Children If We Cannot Access the Forest? Generational Change in Mapuche Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants in Andean Temperate Ecosystems of Chile. Journal of Ethnobiology. 2016;36:412–432. doi: 10.2993/0278-0771-36.2.412.
BARTHEL, S.; FOLKE, C. & COLDING, J. Social-Ecological Memory in Urban Gardens: Retaining the Capacity for Management of Ecosystem Services. Global Environmental Change. 2010;20:255–265. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.01.001.
BENGOA, J. Quinquén: 100 Años de Historia Pehuenche. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones ChileAmérica, 1992.
BERKES, F. Sacred Ecology, Third. New York, U. S.: Routledge, 2012.
BLANC, L. A. & WALTERS, J. R. Cavity-Nesting Community Webs as Predictive Tools: Where Do We Go from Here? Journal of Ornithology. 2007;148:417–423. doi: 10.1007/s10336-007-0232-3.
BRIFFA, K. R. Annual Climate Variability in the Holocene: Interpreting the Message of Ancient Trees. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2000;19:87–105. doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00056-6.
CARTERON, A.; BEIGAS, M.; JOLY, S.; TURNER, B. L. & LALIBERTÉ, E. Temperate Forests Dominated by Arbuscular or Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Are Characterized by Strong Shifts from Saprotrophic to Mycorrhizal Fungi with Increasing Soil Depth. Microbial Ecology. 2020:1–14.
CASTILLO, S. Grado de Conservación de Los Relatos Orales Tradicionales En Mapuches Residentes En Tres Comunas de Santiago de Chile. Universidad de Chile, Chile, 2008.
CAVIEDES, J. & IBARRA, J. T. Influence of Anthropogenic Disturbances on Stand Structural Complexity in Andean Temperate Forests: Implications for Managing Key Habitat for Biodiversity. PLoS ONE. 2017, 12:e0169450. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169450.
CEMNTEMERI, L.; BURGESS, P. & TOPÇU. Conclusion: Disaster recovery and the repair-ing perspective: between theory and practice. Routledge. Rethinking Post-Disaster Recov-ery. Socio-Anthropological Perspectives on Repairing Environments. Sous la direction de Laura Centemeri, Sezin Topçu et J.Peter Burgess, Routledge, pp.222-232, 2021. hal-03364674
CHIA, R. A “rhizomic” Model of Organizational Change and Transformation: Perspective from a Metaphysics of Change. British Journal of Management. 1999;10:209–227. doi: 10.1111/1467-8551.00128.
COCKLE, K. L.; IBARRA, J. T.; ALTAMIRANO, T. A. & MARTIN, K. Interspecific Networks of Cavity-Nesting Vertebrates Reveal a Critical Role of Broadleaf Trees in Endangered Araucaria Mixed Forests of South America. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2019;28:3371–3386. doi: 10.1007/s10531-019-01826-4.
CORTÉS, J.; UGALDE, I.; CAVIEDES, J. & IBARRA, J. T. Semillas de Montaña: Recolección, usos y comercialización del piñón de la Araucaria (Araucaria Araucana) por comunidades Mapuche-Pewenche del sur de los Andes. Pirineos. REvista de Ecología de Montaña. 2019;174:1-13. doi: 10.3989/pirineos.2019.174008
CRUIKSHANK, J. Getting the Words Right: Perspectives on Naming and Places in Athapaskan Oral History. Arctic Anthropology. 1990;27:52–65.
DARNHOFER, I.; LAMINE, C.; STRAUSS, A. & NAVARRETE, M. The Resilience of Family Farms: Towards a Relational Approach. Journal of Rural Studies. 2016;44:111–122. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.01.013.
DAYER, A. A.; SILVA-RODRÍGUEZ, E. A.; ALBERT, S.; CHAPMAN, M.; ZUKOWSKI, B.; IBARRA, J. T.; GIFFORD, G.; ECHEVERRI, A.; MARTÍNEZ-SALINAS, A. & SEPÚLVEDA-LUQUE, C. Applying Conservation Social Science to Study the Human Dimensions of Neotropical Bird Conservation. Condor. 2020;122:1–15. doi: 10.1093/condor/duaa021.
DÍAZ, P.; BISKUPOVIC, C. & MÁRQUEZ, A. Enfrentar las crisis: (im)posibilidades de reparación y cuidado en las sociedades contemporáneas. Antípoda. Revista de antropología y arqueología, 2021, N° 45, pp. 3-25. doi: Https://doi.org/10.7440/antipoda45.2021.01
DÍAZ, S. & KITZBERGER, T. Nest Habitat Selection by the Austral Parakeet in North-Western Patagonia. Austral Ecology. 2013;38:268–278.
DIEHL, P. & FONTENLA, S. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Infection in Two Morphological Root Types of Araucaria Araucana (Molina) K. Koch. Revista Argentina de Microbiología. 2010;42:133–137.
DONOSO, C. Bosques Templados the Chile y Argentina: Variación, Estructura y Dinámica. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria, 1993.
FILOTAS, E.; PARROTT L.; BURTON, P. J.; CHAZDON, R. L.; COATES, K. D.; COLL, L.; HAEUSSLER, S.; MARTIN, K.; NOCENTINI, S.; PUETTMANN, K. J.; PUTZ, F. E.; SIMARD, S. W. & MESSIER, C. Viewing Forests through the Lens of Complex Systems Science. Ecosphere. 2014;5:1–23.
GUERRERO-GATICA, M. & ACHONDO, P. P. El bosque y sus habitantes: una discusión teórico metodológica transdisciplinar del diálogo multiespecies. Revista Etnobiología. 2022. 20(2):136–151.
GODOY, R. & MARÍN, C. Mycorrhizal Studies in Temperate Rainforests of Southern Chile. In PAGANO, M. C Y LUGO, M. A. Mycorrhizal Fungi in South America. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2019:315–341. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15228-4_16.
GONZÁLEZ, M. E., VEBLEN, T. T. & SIBOLD, J. S. Fire History of Araucaria-Nothofagus Forests in Villarrica National Park, Chile. Journal of Biogeography. 2005;32:1187–1202. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01262.x.
HAGENEDER, F. El Legado de Los Árboles: Historia, Cultura y Simbolismo. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Columba, 2009.
HARAWAY, D. J. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham, USA: Duke University Press, 2016.
HERRMANN, T. M. Knowledge, Values, Uses and Management of the Araucaria Araucana Forest by the Indigenous Mapuche Pewenche People: A Basis for Collaborative Natural Resource Management in Southern Chile. Natural Resources Forum. 2005;29:120–134. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00121.x.
HERRMANN, T. M. Indigenous Knowledge and Management of Araucaria Araucana Forest in the Chilean Andes: Implications for Native Forest Conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2006;15:647–662. doi: 10.1007/s10531-005-2092-6.
HOLMGREN, M. & SCHEFFER, M. To Tree or Not to Tree: Cultural Views from Ancient Romans to Modern Ecologists. Ecosystems. 2017, vol. 20, p. 62–68. doi: 10.1007/s10021-016-0052-5.
HUILIÑIR-CURÍO, V. El Rol de Las Veranadas En El Territorio Pehuenche de Alto Bio Bio. Sector Lonquimay, IX Región. Revista Geográfica Despertando Latitudes. 2010, vol. 2, p. 17–24.
IBARRA, J. T.; ALTAMIRANO, T. A.; GÁLVEZ, N.; ROJAS, I.; LAKER, J.; & BONACIC, C. Avifauna de Los Bosques Templados de Araucaria Araucana Del Sur de Chile. Ecología Austral. 2010, vol. 20, p. 33–45.
IBARRA, J. T.; BARREAU, A.; CAVIEDES, J.; PESSA, N.; VALENZUELA, J.; NAVARRO-MANQUILEF, S.; MONTERRUBIO-SOLÍS, C.; RIED, A. & PIZARRO, J. C. Listening to Elders: Birds and Forests as Intergenerational Links for Nurturing Biocultural Memory in the Southern Andes. En: DERR, V. y CORONA, Y. Transnational Children and Youth: Experiences of Nature and Place, Culture and Care across the Americas. Abingdon, UK: Routledge 1st edition, 2020d, pp160–175.
IBARRA, J. T., BARREAU, A.; MARCHANT, C.; GONZÁLEZ, J. A.; OLIVA, M.; DONOSO-CORREA, M. E.; ANTAKI, B.; MONTERRUBIO-SOLÍS, C. & SARMIENTO F. O. Montology: An Integrative Understanding of Mountain Foodscapes for Strengthening Food Sovereignty in the Andes. En SARMIENTO, F. O y FROLICH, L. M. The Elgar Companion to Geography, Transdisciplinarity and Sustainability. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020a, p. 391–405.
IBARRA, J. T.; COCKLE, K. L.; ALTAMIRANO, T. A.; VAN DER HOEK, Y.; SIMARD, S.; BONACIC, C. & MARTIN, K. Nurturing Resilient Forest Biodiversity: Nest Webs as Complex Adaptive Systems. Ecology and Society. 2020b, 25(2):27. doi: doi.org/10.5751/ES-11590-250227.
IBARRA, J. T., GÁLVEZ, N.; ALTAMIRANO, T. A.; CAVIEDES, J.; ROJAS, I. M.; BONACIC, C. & MARTIN, K. Seasonal Dynamics of Avian Guilds inside and Outside Core Protected Areas in an Andean Biosphere Reserve of Southern Chile. Bird Study. 2017;64:410–420. doi: 10.1080/00063657.2017.1368447.
IBARRA, J. T. & MARTIN, K. Biotic Homogenization: Loss of Avian Functional Richness and Habitat Specialists in Disturbed Andean Temperate Forests. Biological Conservation. 2015; 192:418–427. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.11.008.
IBARRA, J. T.; MARTIN, K. M.; DREVER, C. & VERGARA, G. Occurrence Patterns and Niche Relationships of Sympatric Owls in South American Temperate Forests: A Multi-Scale Approach. Forest Ecology and Management. 2014;331:281–291.
IBARRA, J. T.; NOVOA, F. J.; JAILLARD, H. & ALTAMIRANO, T. A. Large Trees and Decay: Suppliers of a Keystone Resource for Cavity-Using Wildlife in Old-Growth and Secondary Andean Temperate Forests. Austral Ecology. 2020c;45:1135–1144. doi: 10.1111/aec.12943.
IBARRA, J. T.; PETITPAS, R.; BARREAU, A.; CAVIEDES, J.; CORTÉS, J.; ORREGO, G.; SALAZAR, G. & ALTAMIRANO, T. A. Becoming tree, becoming memory: Social-ecological fabrics in Pewen (Araucaria araucana) landscapes of the southern Andes. In The Cultural Value of Trees: Folk Value and Biocultural Conservation. 2022:15–31. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429320897-3
INFANTE, J.; NOVOA, F. J.; IBARRA, J. T.; MELNICK, D. J.; GRIFFIN, K. L., & Bonacic, C. Altered fire regimes modify lizard communities in globally endangered Araucaria forests of the southern Andes. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02169-3
ISEKE, J. Indigenous Storytelling as Research. International Review of Qualitative Research. 2014;6:559–577. doi: 10.1525/irqr.2013.6.4.559.559.
IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-1. http://www.iucnredlist.org.
JONES, O., & CLOKE, P. Tree Cultures: The Place of Trees and Trees in Their Place. Anthropologica. Oxford, UK: Berg, 2002. doi: 10.2307/25606157.
JUSINO, M. A.; LINDNER, D. L.; BANIK, M. T.; ROSE, K. R. & WALTERS, J. R. Experimental Evidence of a Symbiosis between Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers and Fungi. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016;283:20160106. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0106.
KOHN, E. How Forests Think? Toward an Anthropology beyond the Human. Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.: University of California Press, 2013.
LIENLAF, L. Se Ha Despertado El Ave de Mi Corazón. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria, 1989.
LINDENMAYER, D. B. & LAURANCE, W. F. The Ecology, Distribution, Conservation and Management of Large Old Trees. Biological Reviews. 2017;92:1434–1458. doi: 10.1111/brv.12290.
LUDWIG, D. Overlapping Ontologies and Indigenous Knowledge: From Integration to Ontological Self-Determination. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 2016:59:36–45.
MAESTRE, F. T., J. L. QUERO, N. J. GOTELLI, A. ESCUDERO, V. OCHOA, M. DELGADO-BAQUERIZO, M. GARCÍA-GÓMEZ, M. A BOWKER, S. SOLIVERES, C. ESCOLAR, P. GARCÍA-PALACIOS, M. BERDUGO, E. VALENCIA, B. GOZALO, A. GALLARDO, L. AGUILERA, T. ARREDONDO, J. BLONES, B. BOEKEN, D. BRAN, A. A CONCEIÇÃO, O. CABRERA, M. CHAIEB, M. DERAK, D. J. ELDRIDGE, C. I. ESPINOSA, A. FLORENTINO, J. GAITÁN, M. G. GATICA, W. GHILOUFI, S. GÓMEZ-GONZÁLEZ, J. R. GUTIÉRREZ, R. M. HERNÁNDEZ, X. HUANG, E. HUBER-SANNWALD, M. JANKJU, M. MIRITI, J. MONERRIS, R. L. MAU, E. MORICI, K. NASERI, A. OSPINA, V. POLO, A. PRINA, E. PUCHETA, D. A RAMÍREZ-COLLANTES, R. ROMÃO, M. TIGHE, C. TORRES-DÍAZ, J. VAL, J. P. VEIGA, D. WANG, AND E. ZAADY. 2012. Plant Species Richness and Ecosystem Multifunctionality in Global Drylands. Science 335:214–218. doi: 10.1126/science.1215442.
MARTIN, K., AITKEN, K. E. H. & WIEBE, K. L. Nest Sites and Nest Webs for Cavity-Nesting Communities in Interior British Columbia, Canada: Nest Characteristics and Niche Partitioning. Condor. 2004;106:5–19.
MARTIN, K., & EADIE, J. M. Nest Webs: A Community-Wide Approach to the Management and Conservation of Cavity-Nesting Forest Birds. Forest Ecology and Management. 1999; 115:243–257.
MOLINA, R. & HORTON, T. R. Mycorrhiza Specificity: Its Role in the Development and Function of Common Mycelial Networks. En H. T. R. Mycorrhizal Networks. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2015, p. 1–39.
MULLER, S., HEMMING, S. & RIGNEY, D. Indigenous Sovereignties: Relational Ontologies and Environmental Management. Geographical Research. 2019;57:399–410.
MURDOCH, J. Inhuman/Nonhuman/Human: Actor-Network Theory and the Prospects for a Nondualistic and Symmetrical Perspective on Nature and Society. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 1997;15:731–756. doi: 10.1068/d150731.
NAZAREA, V. D. Cultural Memory and Biodiversity. Tucson, USA: The University of Arizona Press, 2005.
NAZAREA, V. D. Local Knowledge and Memory in Biodiversity Conservation. Annual Review of Anthropology. 2006;35:317–335. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123252.
NOVOA, F. J.; ALTAMIRANO, T. A.; BONACIC, C., MARTIN, K. & IBARRA, J. T. Fire regimes shape biodiversity: responses of avian guilds to burned forests in Andean temperate ecosystems of southern Chile. Avian Conservation and Ecology. 2021; 16(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-01999-160222
OJEDA, J.; SALOMON, A. K.; ROWE, J. K., & BAN, N. C. Reciprocal Contributions between People and Nature: A ConceptualIntervention. BioScience, 2022, biac053, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac053
REIS, M. S. DOS; LADIO, A. & PERONI, N. Landscapes with Araucaria in South America: Evidence for a Cultural Dimension. Ecology and Society. 2014;19:43.
ROIG, ANAÍS & BLANCO, M. F. 2021. Producir lazo, organizar ‘la olla’ y ‘contener’ a otros/as. Experiencias de cuidado sociocomunitario durante la pandemia de la covid-19 en el AMBA (Argentina). Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología, 2021, N° 45, pp. 29-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.7440/antipoda45.2021.02
ROZZI, R. Biocultural Ethics: From Biocultural Homogenization toward Biocultural Conservation. En Rozzi, R.; May Jr, R. H.; Chapin III, F. S.; Massardo, F; Gavin, M. C.; Klaver, I.; Pauchard, A.; Nuñez, M. A. y Simberloff, D. From Biocultural Homogenization toward Biocultural Conservation. New York, USA: Springer, 2018, p. 9–32. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99513-7.
SHEPHERD, J. D.; DITGEN, R. S: & SANGUINETTI, J. Araucaria Araucana and the Austral Parakeet: Predispersal Seed Predation on a Masting Species. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 2008;81:395–401. doi: 10.4067/S0716-078X2008000300008.
SIMARD, S.; MARTIN, K.; VYSE, A. & BRUCE, L. Meta-Networks of Fungi, Fauna and Flora as Agents of Complex Adaptive Systems. En Messier, C.; Puettmann, K. J. y Coates, K. D. Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems: Building Resilience to the Challenge of Global Change. New York, USA: Routledge, 2013, p. 133–164.
SIMARD, S. W. Mycorrhizal Networks Facilitate Tree Communication, Learning, and Memory. En BALUŠKA, F.; GAGLIANO, M. y WITZANY, G. Memory and Learning in Plants. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, p. 191–213.
SIMARD, S. W.; PERRY, D. A.; JONES, M. D.; MYROLD, D. D.; DURALL, D. M. & MOLINA, R. Net Transfer of Carbon between Ectomycorrhizal Tree Species in the Field. Nature. 1997;388:579–582.
SMITH, S. E. & READ, D. J. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. New York, USA: Academic Press, 2010.
SÖHN, L. Landowner Attitudes towards a Chicken-Killing Neotropical Felid in the Araucanía Region of Southern Chile. Technische Universität München, 2012.
SPEZIALE, K. L.; LAMBERTUCCI, S. A.; GLEISER, G.; TELLA, J. L.; HIRALDO, F. & AIZEN, M. A. An Overlooked Plant-Parakeet Mutualism Counteracts Human Overharvesting on an Endangered Tree. Royal Society Open Science. 2018;5:171456. doi: 10.1098/rsos.171456.
TALBOT, J. M.; ALLISON, S. D. & TRESEDER, K. K. Decomposers in Disguise: Mycorrhizal Fungi as Regulators of Soil C Dynamics in Ecosystems under Global Change. Functional Ecology. 2008;22:955–963.
TESTE, F. P., JONES, M. D. & DICKIE, I. A. Dual‐mycorrhizal Plants: Their Ecology and Relevance. New Phytologist. 2020;225:1835–1851.
TOLEDO, V. M. & BARRERA-BASSOLS, N. La Memoria Biocultural: La Importancia Ecológica de Las Sabidurías Tradicionales. Barcelona, Catalunya: Icaria Editorial, 2008.
TURNER, N. J. “Keeping It Living”: Applications and Relevance of Traditional Plant Management in British Columbia to Sustainable Harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Products. NTFP Conference Proceedings. 2000, p. 66–77.
TURNER, N. J.; DAVIDSON-HUNT, I. J. & O’FLAHERTY, M. Living on the Edge: Ecological and Cultural Edges as Sources of Diversity for Social-Ecological Resilience. Human Ecology. 2003;31:439–461.
TURNER, N. J.; ŁUCZAJ, Ł. J.; MIGLIORINI, P.; PIERONI, A.; DREON, A. L.; SACCHETTI, L. E. & PAOLETTI, M. G. Edible and Tended Wild Plants, Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Agroecology. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2011;30:198–225. doi: 10.1080/07352689.2011.554492.
DE VOS, A.; BIGGS, R. & PREISER, R. Methods for Understanding Social-Ecological Systems: A Review of Place-Based Studies. Ecology and Society. 2019;24:1–24. doi: 10.5751/ES-11236-240416.
WATKINS, C. Trees, Woods and Forests: A Social and Cultural History. London, UK: Reaktion Books, 2016.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Revista de Geografía Norte Grande
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
